BIS用于抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎患者术中麻醉深度监测1例报告

2018-12-13 高兴蓉 罗林丽 罗东 四川大学学报(医学版

患者,女,28岁,体质量52kg,身高150 cm,2月前因“精神行为异常,左颈部刀割伤”入院治疗。入院后病情迅速进展,出现发热,昏睡、强直抽搐,口吐白沬,口唇发绀,呼之不应,双侧曈孔对光反应迟钝;胸部CT示肺部炎性病变,并伴有消化道出血;脑脊液及血液中抗天门冬氨酸(NMDA)抗体强阳性,盆腔CT示:右附件区查见2.3 cm×2.8 cm大小结节,可能为畸胎瘤;患者确诊为抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎合并

患者,女,28岁,体质量52kg,身高150 cm,2月前因“精神行为异常,左颈部刀割伤”入院治疗。入院后病情迅速进展,出现发热,昏睡、强直抽搐,口吐白沬,口唇发绀,呼之不应,双侧曈孔对光反应迟钝;胸部CT示肺部炎性病变,并伴有消化道出血;脑脊液及血液中抗天门冬氨酸(NMDA)抗体强阳性,盆腔CT示:右附件区查见2.3 cm×2.8 cm大小结节,可能为畸胎瘤;患者确诊为抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎合并卵巢肿瘤。经丙种球蛋白及激素冲击治疗,开浦兰控制癫痫,抑酸药保护黏膜,抗生素控制感染等系列对症治疗后,患者目前无癫痫发作,无消化道出血,有轻度意识障碍,肺部感染得到控制,拟在气管插管全麻下进行腹腔镜卵巢肿瘤切除术。
 
术前严格禁饮禁食8h以上,入手术室心率(HR)103min-1,血压(BP)、呼吸频率(R)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)均正常,脑电双频谱指数(BIS)监测值为70,呼之能睁眼,睁眼时BIS值为95~98。麻醉诱导用药舒芬太尼10pg,咪达唑仑2mg,丙泊酚70mg,罗库溴铵25mg,气管插管顺利,吸入2%七氟烷维持麻醉。术中生命体征平稳,BIS维持在50~63;术后20min,R10~15min-1,潮气量300~430mL,BP104/67mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),HR89min-1,Sp0299%,BIS值70;脱氧7min后,SpO2维持在96%~99%,R13~16min-1,HR97min-1,BIS值76;哈咳,吞咽明显,呛咳时BIS为96~98,呼之能睁眼,立即拔除气管导管,严密监护下转至神经内科继续治疗。
 
继续给予抗癫痫、保护肝功、营养神经等治疗,术后6个月电话随访,患者无癫痫发作、无精神行为异常、预后良好。
 
讨论
 
抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎是一种自身免疫性脑炎,其发病机制及病理生理过程还未完全阐明,但目前研究表明直接作用于NMDA受体NR1亚单位的IgG抗体的产生与发病直接相关。患者多见于青年女性(女性占发病比例的80%,最常见发病年龄在19~24岁之间)。抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎与卵巢畸胎瘤之间存在高度相关性。抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎患者首发表现多为精神异常(人格改变、易怒、抑郁、幻觉、短期记忆丧失、混乱),病情进行性加重,主要表现为意识障碍、癫痫发作及异常运动、自主神经功能障碍等精神症状,或伴有中枢性通气不足,需要呼吸支持等。临床治疗包括免疫治疗、化疗、血浆置换、畸胎瘤切除等。合并畸胎瘤患者行畸胎瘤切除后可完全康复或仅遗留轻微残障。
 
抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎患者术中极大的难题是麻醉方式和麻醉药物的选择。原因在于,多数全麻药(如:氧化氮、氯胺酮、曲马多等)直接作用于NMDA受体发挥作用,通过抑制NMDA受体,能引起与抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎相同的症状,上述药物在抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎患者中应该禁用。而其他全麻药(七氟醚和异丙酚等)主要通过增强GABA的神经抑制而发挥作用,也可间接抑制NMDA受体,尽管存在不良反应的报道,但仍是这类患者麻醉药物的主要选择。舒芬太尼和罗库溴铵不影响NMDA受体,可以安全使用。咪达唑仑是通过兴奋GABA受体产生镇静作用,同时具有抗焦虑、抗惊厥的作用,小剂量应用对抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎患者应该是安全的。
 
患者存在轻度意识障碍,沟通困难,导致围术期麻醉和镇静深度不易掌握。因此,需要采用评定麻醉深度的客观指标来指导围术期麻醉管理。BIS作为一个连续实时反映麻醉深度的脑部监测指标,能预测患者意识消失或恢复的过程,避免不必要的麻醉过深,缩短苏醒时间。BIS值85~100为清醒状态,65~85为镇静状态,40~65为麻醉状态。该患者入室BIS值为70,说明患者处于镇静状态,考虑患者本身存在脑损害,在术中根据BIS调节麻醉深度,使BIS保持在50~63之间,避免由于麻醉药物过量可能导致的脑损害。同时,以客观的BIS值作为指标来指导术后拔管,不但缩短了复苏时间,还可以避免过早拔管带来的呼吸道并发症,使麻醉过程平稳顺利。
 
总之,对于抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎的患者,围术期选择BIS监测可以更好地监测麻醉深度、避免麻醉药物过量、缩短拔管时间、安全拔管,对于抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎患者的手术麻醉安全具有十分重要的意义。
  
原始出处:

高兴蓉, 罗林丽, 罗东. BIS用于抗NMDA受体抗体脑炎患者术中麻醉深度监测1例报告[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2017, 48(1):172-172.

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    2019-03-16 neurowu
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    2019-05-22 wetgdt
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