每日一例:中华神经外科杂志:磁共振似脑肿瘤的原发性中枢神经系统血管炎一例

2022-09-07 放射沙龙 放射沙龙

图1 磁共振成像 a. 周围T1WI示左侧顶不规则低信号区,内混杂高信号区;b. 周围T2WI示左侧顶枕叶

 图1 磁共振成像 a. 周围T1WI示左侧顶不规则低信号区,内混杂高信号区;b. 周围T2WI示左侧顶枕叶不规则高信号区;轴位(c)、矢状位(d)强化T1WI见不规则强化区,周围环状低信号区   图3 a.术后1周矢状位强化T1WI示病灶被移除;b. 2个月后矢状位强化T1WI示病变再次出现,同期CTA示血管无扩张及狭窄;d. 免疫抑制治疗24个月后矢状位强化T1WI示病灶消失

图2手术标本病理:血管壁及血管周围可见较多淋巴细胞浸润(HE×100),经免疫组化CD20染色证实,为B淋巴细胞

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(primary angiitis of central nervous system,PACNS)是一种罕见的仅累及中枢神经系统、不伴有中枢神经系统外损害的、表现为血管炎的自身免疫性疾病。1959年Cravioto H等首次报导这种疾病,并将其描述为好发于中枢神经系统的非感染性肉芽肿性血管炎。由于该病缺乏特异的临床表现和神经系统影像学改变,诊断较为困难。现将我科误诊1例报告如下。

病历摘要

患者男,63岁。因右下肢乏力1月余,右上肢乏力2周入院。病前无明显诱因出现右下肢乏力,行走时易跌倒,伴感觉减退。2周后逐渐出现右上肢乏力,以肢体远端为主,不能写字,尚能持物及握筷。无肢体抽搐,无发热、头痛、恶心、呕吐,无颈痛及腰背痛。既往高血压史2年,血压最高170/100 mm Hg,规律服药,控制血压尚可。

体格检查:右下肢肌力Ⅳ-级,右上肢肌力V-级,左侧肢体肌力V级,四肢肌张力正常;右侧肢体图形觉及定位觉轻微减弱;右侧肢体踝反射、膝反射、肱二头肌反射及肱三头级反射均亢进,左侧肢体腱反射正常,膑、踝阵挛未引出;右侧Babinski征(+)、Chaddock征(+),左侧(-),双侧Hoffman征(-),掌颏反射(-),Oppenheim征(-)、Gordon征(-);脑膜刺激征阴性。磁共振检查如图1所示。

入院后诊断为左顶叶占位病变,胶质瘤可能大。于神经导航唤醒麻醉下行左顶叶病变切除术。术中见病灶中心部呈不均匀黄及浅棕红色,质地中等,血运中等,可见较多的丝状血管,其中从大脑镰发出者较多。术后病理(图2)提示:小片脑组织,血管周围有淋巴细胞浸润,大片坏死灶,不除外脑梗死,免疫组织化学染色GFAP(+)、CD68(+)、NeuN(+)、CD3(+)、CD20(部分+)。术后患者临床症状有所改善,一周后患者MRI影像可见术后改变(图3a)。术后2个月,患者的症状复发。

行头颅MRI检查(图3b)见左顶叶团状混杂信号,头颅CTA(图3c)未见颅内动脉狭窄及扩张。实验室检查可见红细胞沉降率(ESR):2 mm/h(0~15 mm/h),C-反应蛋白(CRP):1.6 mS/L(0~8.0 mg/L),总补体活性54.2 U/Tnl (26.0~55.0 U/m1),免疫球蛋白G(IgG):15.20 s/L(7.00~17.00 g/L),抗核抗体,抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体,类风湿因子,抗Ro/SSA、La/SSB、Sm、RNP抗体,抗ds-DNA抗体均为阴性。脑脊液常规、生化、培养均无异常发现。综合患者的复发病史、临床表现、实验室检查及影像学资料,最终诊断为原发性中枢神经系统血管炎。明确诊断后给予糖皮质激素及环磷酰胺联合用药治疗。

最初应用甲强龙1 g/d×3冲击治疗,患者症状仍进行性加重。后给予地塞米松20 mg+甲氨蝶呤10 mg十生理盐水2 ml鞘内注射1次/周×4,患者症状有所缓解。再次甲强龙1  g/d×3冲击治疗,后序贯激素治疗并逐渐减量至48 mg1次/d。同时应用环磷酰胺0.2 g每隔1天1次,累积剂量26.6 g。经过24个月的免疫抑制治疗,患者临床症状逐渐缓解,复查头颅MRI检查(图3d)见病灶缩小局限。

第一次病例讨论(手术后)

 患者为老年男性,病程较短,临床上表现为神经功能受损症状,体格检查提示左侧上运动神经元受损,既往高血压病史,MRI见左顶叶团块状混杂信号影,以长T1长他信号为主,不规则强化,周围有水肿带,术前诊断为胶质瘤可能性大,行手术治疗。术中见病灶不同于常见的胶质瘤表现,中心部呈不均匀黄及浅棕红色,质地中等,血运中等。术后病理见大量坏死组织、未见肿瘤细胞。术后患者症状逐渐好转,复查磁共振表现为术后改变。

第二次病例讨论(复发后) 患者术后病灶数块灰粉、灰褐色组织送至病理科,常规石蜡固定包埋H&E染色显微镜下观察可见病灶以大片状的坏死组织为主,未见肿瘤细胞,血管周围可见大量淋巴细胞、少量中性粒细胞浸润,行免疫组织化学染色可见GFAP(+)、CD68(+)、NeuN(+)、CD3(+)、CD20(部分+)。病变符合脑梗死的表现,不除外血管性病变,需结合患者临床资料综合判断。

北京市神经外科研究所会诊病理会诊切片可见:(1)不规则的血管周及血管壁炎性细胞,淋巴细胞为主。(2)大病灶凝固性坏死。(3)少许脑组织胶质细胞增生。(4)免疫组化不支持淋巴瘤。考虑血管性病变可能性大(要注意除外血管坏死型胶质母细胞瘤)。

北京宣武医院病理科会诊会诊意见:脑组织内凝固性坏死,血管壁可见变性、坏死,血管内膜增生,血管周围淋巴细胞浸润,软脑膜内炎细胞浸润,特殊染色PAS未见真菌,抗酸染色(-),考虑为血管炎伴大片状坏死。

术后2个月患者症状复发,复查MRI见左顶叶再次出现团块状混杂信号影,以长T1长他信号为主,表现大致同前,结合不同医院的病理会诊结果血管壁淋巴细胞浸润为主、不除外血管炎可能,综上考虑患者左顶叶占位病变有血管炎性病变的可能,没有充分证据支持脑肿瘤。

 病理提示血管壁炎性细胞浸润,以淋巴细胞为主,此改变较为特异,与继发于肿瘤、感染等的血管炎症不同,后者主要表现为血管周围的炎细胞浸润。中枢神经系统的血管炎可以是系统性血管炎累及中枢神经系统的表现,也可为原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(PACNS)。患者在病程中无发热、疲劳及其他脏器受累表现,炎性指标及自身抗体均阴性,可除外系统性血管炎,故拟诊断为PACNS。治疗方面可予糖皮质激素控制病情发展。

第三次病例讨论(免疫抑制治疗2年后)

幸兵患者经过长期糖皮质激素及环磷酰胺治疗后,临床表现逐渐缓解,影像学见病灶逐渐减小,可明确PACNS诊断。回顾该患者的误诊经过,查阅相关文献,可得到以下经验:本例临床表现难与脑肿瘤鉴别,磁共振示团块样混杂信号影,病灶边界相对较清晰,与胶质瘤浸润性生长的特性不符,此时可行进一步检查,如磁共振灌注加权成像(PWI)和弥散加权成像(DIW),通过病变组织的微循环灌注、缺血状况等进行鉴别。

PACNS临床上少见,但约有5%的PACNS表现为团块样病灶,临床表现、影像学方面与脑肿瘤相似,头颅CTA、脑脊液检查、炎性指标、免疫学抗体等检查可辅助鉴别,脑组织活检有助于确诊。临床上如果遇到疑似脑肿瘤的病例,应注意除外PACNS。

现总结归纳PACNS特点于下:PACNS是一种罕见的、异质性很高的免疫系统疾病,表现为中枢神经系统多发性、节段性中小血管炎症,不伴有全身性血管炎或继发性血管炎的证据。临床上PACNS可分为两类:(1)中枢神经系统肉芽肿性血管炎(GACN):病理表现为典型的肉芽肿性血管炎。(2)不典型PACNS:符合下列条件之一①病理表现为淋巴细胞性血管炎,②通过脑血管造影或MRI诊断而未行病理活检。

本病可发生于各年龄段人群,诊断时平均年龄约42岁;男性多见,曾有报道男女比2:1。PACNS起病隐匿,发展缓慢。由于血管炎可累及中枢神经系统不同区域,故临床表现多样。在一项116例的研究中,70%的患者出现神经功能障碍表现,较常见的有认知改变(83%)、头痛(56%)、癫痫(30%)、中风(14%)和脑出血(12%)。脊髓受累亦可出现相应表现。

临床上对疑似PACNS的患者,下列检查对诊断有助,但目前尚无特异性检查:(1)实验室检查:急性期血沉、C-反应蛋白正常。如升高,应考虑感染、系统性血管炎等。(2)血清学检查:主要目的为除外可能的结缔组织疾病。需要做的检查包括:抗核抗体,类风湿因子,抗Ro/SSA、La/SSB、Sm、RNP抗体,抗ds-DNA抗体,抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体,补体,免疫球蛋白定量及电泳等。(3)脑脊液检查:80%的PACNS患者脑脊液异常,如:中度淋巴细胞增多、蛋白含量增多、葡萄糖含量正常、细菌真菌培养阴性。

(4)神经影像学表现:MRI检查表现为单发的或多发的脑组织坏死、出血或肿瘤样改变,典型表现主要为多发性、双侧性脑皮质、深层白质、脑膜病变,伴或不伴强化。5%的患者可表现为团块样病灶。灌注加权成像(PWI)可见局部微循环灌注异常,弥散加权成像(DWI)可见小的、活跃性的缺血病灶。(5)脑血管造影:典型表现为血管狭窄与扩张交替出现,主要累及小动脉,多发病灶有助于PACNS的确诊。由于PACNS累及小血管为主,脑血管造影的灵敏性不高,约60%。脑血管造影表现阳性,有助于血管炎的诊断,但是无法除外其他原因引起的血管炎,故对PACNS的诊断特异性不高。

(6)脑组织活检:脑组织活检是PACNS诊断的金标准。由于受取材部位的局限,活检的灵敏度约75%。病理表现主要为:①肉芽肿性:约占50%,表现为单核细胞增多和肉芽肿形成,可见朗格汉斯细胞。②不典型PACNS:病理兀肉芽肿者可称为不典型PACNS,常见的表现有血管旁及管壁淋巴细胞浸润。对活检组织行细菌、真菌培养、病毒检测、免疫组化染色可有助于除外类似病变。

目前的治疗方法尚无相关的临床试验支持。若已有病理诊断,即应启动免疫抑制治疗。对于GACNS患者,应采用糖皮质激素与环磷酰胺的联合治疗。对于不典型PACNS患者,治疗方案应个体化,激素起始剂量足、减量慢,治疗前应全面排查感染性疾病的可能。(1)糖皮质激素:大剂量激素用于疾病早期控制。起始剂量为强的松1 mg/kg·d,最高80 mg/d;也可用甲强龙15 mg/kg·d冲击治疗,连用3 d,第4天改用常规剂量。

有文献报道甲强龙冲击治疗效果差者可用甲强龙+甲氨蝶呤鞘内注射。(2)环磷酰胺:每日口服用药或间断静脉用药方案均可。每日口服用药时,每日剂量为1.5~2.0 mg/kg·d,用药期间检测白细胞水平。(3)疗效评估:治疗效果的评估方法包括患者主观症状、体征和影像学检查。由于梗死病灶存在,患者的部分症状不能完全恢复。影像学上无新发病灶出现是疾病缓解的重要表现。(4)疗程及复发:目前没有资料提示适宜的用药时间及疾病复发后的处理,可遵循临床医师对于其他类型血管炎治疗的临床经验。

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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847068, encodeId=74d6184e068e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d3a33e0306d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#原发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37030, encryptionId=d3a33e0306d, topicName=原发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8e4c53, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Mon Nov 08 18:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263282, encodeId=51e3126328201, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283225, encodeId=0dd2128322546, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341791, encodeId=f4d81341e9185, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24b8e37529a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#磁共振#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73752, encryptionId=24b8e37529a, topicName=磁共振)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=24a22500182, createdName=1696533704_45270454, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418057, encodeId=4818141805e60, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ba485016cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85016, encryptionId=6ba485016cd, topicName=脑肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=76f03326658, createdName=839640779, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624287, encodeId=bcf4162428e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1629042, encodeId=f19516290421e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=31783e038c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#原发性中枢神经系统血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37038, encryptionId=31783e038c4, topicName=原发性中枢神经系统血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=13e721270127, createdName=hxzhang, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847068, encodeId=74d6184e068e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d3a33e0306d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#原发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37030, encryptionId=d3a33e0306d, topicName=原发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8e4c53, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Mon Nov 08 18:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263282, encodeId=51e3126328201, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283225, encodeId=0dd2128322546, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341791, encodeId=f4d81341e9185, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24b8e37529a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#磁共振#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73752, encryptionId=24b8e37529a, topicName=磁共振)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=24a22500182, createdName=1696533704_45270454, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418057, encodeId=4818141805e60, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ba485016cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85016, encryptionId=6ba485016cd, topicName=脑肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=76f03326658, createdName=839640779, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624287, encodeId=bcf4162428e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1629042, encodeId=f19516290421e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=31783e038c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#原发性中枢神经系统血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37038, encryptionId=31783e038c4, topicName=原发性中枢神经系统血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=13e721270127, createdName=hxzhang, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 01:02:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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