如何促进制药公司为全球公共健康做贡献?尝试对他们排名

2016-09-27 佚名 生物谷

据世界卫生组织告显示,全世界有三分之一的人口都无法获取某些治疗严重疾病的疗法,比如疟疾和肺结核;这些药物对于患者而言遥不可及存在很多原因,但实际上很少有诸如治疗疟疾和肺结核等疾病的药物被开发出来,而且部分用于治疗此类疾病的药物的价格也比较高昂,这些都是目前影响患者疾病治疗的主要因素。 我(原文笔者)对伦理学以及和制药公司义务相关的问题进行了研究,我认为这些制药公司有道德和法律义务来确

据世界卫生组织告显示,全世界有三分之一的人口都无法获取某些治疗严重疾病的疗法,比如疟疾和肺结核;这些药物对于患者而言遥不可及存在很多原因,但实际上很少有诸如治疗疟疾和肺结核等疾病的药物被开发出来,而且部分用于治疗此类疾病的药物的价格也比较高昂,这些都是目前影响患者疾病治疗的主要因素。

我(原文笔者)对伦理学以及和制药公司义务相关的问题进行了研究,我认为这些制药公司有道德和法律义务来确保患者获取基本的药物治疗,而且人类健康权也已经在经济、社会及文化权利国际公约第12条中得到了很好地体现,该条约指出,每个人都有权享受最高标准的身心健康,而且这项权利对于保护个体更好地生活非常必要。

但制药公司设定高昂的药价,游说延长重要药物的专利保护期,同时并不开发足够多的药物来治疗被忽视的疾病时,他们就已经并不能更好地履行制药公司应当享有的义务。我认为世界卫生组织应当制定一种指数,来评估药物治疗世界上最严重疾病的疗效,当我在最近发表在The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics杂志上的一篇文章中讨论此事时,或许就能够为制药公司创建一种激励措施来使其履行他们的义务,比如,未来如果发达国家的消费者知道哪些公司在全球健康领域做得最好,那么他们或许就会选择购买这些公司的产品。

为何药物如此昂贵?

在非洲和亚洲部分地区,大约有一半人口不能获得治疗严重疾病的药物,比如疟疾、肺结核以及HIV/AIDS等,这通常是因为治疗这些疾病的药物都是专利药物,而且追逐利益的制药公司往往在很多贫穷地区将药物价格定地较高,此外这些制药公司还会通过游说和国际贸易协定来延长这些药物的专利期。

比如,药物delamanid是治疗多种耐药性结核杆菌感染的两种药物中的一种,该药物必须和其它药物一起联合使用,而且患者整个治疗过程需要六个月时间,花费大约在1000美元至4500美元之间,在许多发展中国家很多患者每天都需要进行相应的治疗,然而发展中国家的政府机构无力对此承担。

然而制药公司方面表示,专利保护对于新药和新技术的研究和开发非常有必要,但历史证据表明,专利并不是促进制药公司开展新研究的特殊有效方法,的确,直到最近,多个关键的创新性国家,比如意大利、德国和瑞士才采取了相对薄弱的专利保护制度。

为何开发的药物那么少?

事实上,尽管治疗世界上最普遍且严重疾病的药物有专利,仍然并没有太多的药物被开发出来,1975年至1999年之间有1393种药物被推向市场,其中仅有16种药物是治疗热带病的药物。

专利系统自身似乎并不能创造足够的激励政策来解决贫穷国家人口的健康问题,而且制药公司也不能通过向发达国家贫穷人口售卖药物来赚足够的钱来证明其研究和开发的费用。如今有很多创新性的策略能够降低当前药物的成本并且鼓励制药公司对新药的开发,但这并不足以解决人群存在的健康问题,比如,尽管随着2000年至2011年全球健康资金资助的增加,但也仅有1%的新化学实体被批准用于治疗被忽视的疾病。

我们没有理由认为通过改革专利系统就能推动制药公司在不久以后任何时候开发出足够的药物来治疗多种疾病,但在发达国家中消费者的行动或许就能够给予制药公司其它激励机制来使其生产出廉价的药物,而这就是全球健康指数的由来。

支持公司 支持共同利益

全球健康组织是由来自全世界很多大学的研究者和公民健康组织联合支持协作的,如今研究者们开发出了全球健康指数来以残疾调整生命年(DALY)来测定药物的治疗效用,残疾调整生命年通过观察人们对药物的需求、药物的效力以及获取情况来将个体的疾病预防和死亡避免进行整合。

全球健康指数能够揭示哪种药物可以产生真正的差异以及哪些药物不能产生这种差异,比如2010年年底,有些治疗HIV/AIDS相对无效的药物仍然在广泛使用,这主要是由于较好的治疗方案价格较高,因此,如果制药公司能够降低有效药物的价格的话,更多的生命或许就会因此而得救;截至目前为止,研究者发现,赛诺菲、诺华和辉瑞公司拥有专利的药物有着最大的影响,而礼来、杏林制药和拜耳的药物则带来的影响较小。

当然与此同时,制药公司也在时刻关注着这项全球健康指数,因为该指数能够影响人们对品牌的感知;赛诺菲的总经理Francois Bompart表示,全球健康指数对于人们而言是一种很好的方法来帮助对比各制药公司的表现,其能够刺激制药公司在制药领域和药物价格的调节上更加主动一些,同时该指数也能够更好地激励公司来为人民服务。

研究者计划超越疟疾、结核病和HIV/AIDS来扩张全球健康指数,从而为制药公司提供多种激励措施来帮其开发治疗许多热带疾病的新型疗法,比如蛔虫感染和血吸虫病等。未来全球健康影响指数的不断重复,并且同其它企业社会责任的措施联系起来,比如药品的获得性指数,这或许就能够帮助有效抵制差评公司或促进社会责任投资的基础,同时人们也可能会“游说”保险公司,让其加入在全球健康指数评价过程中表现较好制药公司的药物。

试想一下,未来我们就能够为制药公司设定一种全球健康影响指数的标签,就好像公平贸易标签一样,这样我们就能使用这些公司制造的非处方药物,包括从宠物维生素到止痛药等等,我们希望发达国家的消费者能够更愿意从全球健康影响指数评价较高的公司里购买日常使用的一些药物,而类似的伦理道德标签,比如公平交易的标签或许就会产生较大的影响。

如今在发展中国家有数百万人遭受着严重疾病的折磨,通过利用制药公司在全球公众健康上做出的贡献等相关数据,研究者们或许就能够更好推动这些公司应该履行义务的进展程度。

参考资料:

【1】Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health

【2】Individual Responsibility for Promoting Global Health: The Case for a New Kind of Socially Conscious Consumption.

J Law Med Ethics    doi: 10.1177/1073110516654125

【3】Against Intellectual Monopoly

【4】Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure.

Lancet

【5】The drug and vaccine landscape for neglected diseases (2000–11): a systematic assessment

The Lancet Global Health   doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70078-0

【6】Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

【7】New effort ranks drugmakers by impact

【8】The impact of Fair Trade

【9】How can we get pharma companies to do more for global health? Try ranking them

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    2016-09-27 知难而进

    继续关注!

    0

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    2016-09-27 知难而进

    谢谢分享!

    0

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    2016-09-27 知难而进

    谢谢分享!

    0

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    2016-09-27 医路开来

    确实很悲催

    0

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    2016-09-27 医路开来

    ,游说延长重要药物的专利保护期,

    0

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