Intensive Care Med:危重病患者的保守液体管理和去复苏策略

2022-03-29 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

静脉输液治疗是救治危重患者的一项普遍措施。为了提高心输出量和减轻休克,危重病人的复苏通常需要大量静脉输液。

静脉输液治疗是救治危重患者的一项普遍措施。为了提高心输出量和减轻休克,危重病人的复苏通常需要大量静脉输液。此外,静脉输液也被用于维持这些患者的水合作用,纠正电解质异常,并作为静脉药物的溶剂。在由于肾脏和内分泌因素导致液体排泄减少的情况下,液体正平衡的累积是很常见的。

观察性研究表明,液体正平衡与不良预后之间存在剂量依赖关系,包括死亡率和延长机械通气的持续时间。目前还没有确认液体蓄积的安全性阈值。“液体超载”一词虽然定义模糊,但通常指临床上明显的外周水肿或肺水肿,通常发生在累积液体正平衡的情况下。

为了解决液体超载的问题,有两种策略。一种是限制性液体复苏,在预试验中证明了这种策略的安全性,并与临床结局改善相关。然而,即使在效力充分的临床试验中证明其有效性,鉴于药物稀释剂和营养等其他液体的贡献更大,此类方法也不太可能足以防止液体超载的发生。

『去复苏』(Deresuscitation)是指利用利尿剂或超滤积极清除蓄积的液体。尽管该策略被广泛使用,但适应症、方法和预后尚未确定或被广泛接受。在一项系统回顾和荟萃分析中,过了危重病早期复苏阶段以后,与宽松的液体治疗或常规治疗相比,保守液体治疗或去复苏策略可以缩短机械通气和住ICU的时间。然而,这受到了临床异质性的限制。此外,在Fluids and Catheter Treatment Trial(界标试验)试验一小部分患者的事后分析中,保守液体管理策略与12个月时的认知功能障碍有关。因此,总体而言,保守的液体管理策略和去复苏策略的利弊尚不确定。

2022年2月来自英国的Jonathan A. Silversides等在Intensive Care Med上发表了RADAR?2试验结果,目的在于比较危重病患者的保守液体管理和去复苏(使用利尿剂或超滤积极清除蓄积液体)与常规治疗的差异。

RADAR2试验是一项开放标签,平行组,allocation- concealed,随机,预试验。主要纳入标准包括:正在接受有创机械通气,ICU24到48小时之间,预计下一个历日仍在ICU接受治疗。排除标准包括,糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗性高血糖状态、非创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血、急性心力衰竭、心源性休克、终末期肾功能衰竭或尿崩症。Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio in random permuted blocks of 4 or 6 and stratified by site。临床医生和研究人员知道随机分组。

干预组的液体管理方法:

分配到干预组的患者接受两阶段液体策略。从随机化到研究第5天,停止维持性静脉输液,要求临床团队不要静脉输液,除非怀疑血液或其他明显的液体丢失。在可选择的疗法失败或禁忌的情况下,允许静脉输液治疗心血管不稳定,或电解质异常。根据当地指南,允许审查和给予最小容量的药物。根据临床医生的指导和指南进行营养管理。

干预的第二阶段包括,在研究第2天至第5天每日评估患者是否适合去复苏治疗。适合去复苏治疗的标准包括,从入住ICU开始如果蓄积液体平衡差熬过2000ml,或有至少2个部位(肺、侧面、上肢或下肢)水肿的临床证据,且无禁忌症。去复苏的禁忌症为:(a)去甲肾上腺素或肾上腺素的剂量>0.2 mcg/kg/min,(b)超过1种血管升压药,(c)血清乳酸>3.5 mmol/L,(d)未纠正的低钾血症(<3.0 mmol/L),或(e)血钠<130 mmol/L或>150 mmol/L。

在符合去复苏标准的每个研究天,给予联合利尿剂治疗,包括静脉输注速尿、肠内给予5 mg吲达帕胺以及肠内给予100 mg螺内酯。速尿以0.5 mg/kg的剂量(最大40 mg)推注,然后以2.5–20 mg/h的速度输注,并滴定,以达到每天1000到3000 mL之间的液体负平衡。对于接受肾脏替代疗法(RRT)的患者,不使用利尿剂,并调整超滤以达到相同的体液平衡目标。如果已经达到最大剂量的利尿剂仍未能达到液体平衡目标,建议开始RRT;然而,这个决定是由治疗临床医生决定的。

在研究第5天或从重症监护出院、死亡或停止积极治疗或撤回同意后,停止干预。

对照组的液体管理方法:

对照组(常规治疗组)可以给予液体治疗,利尿剂和超滤治疗。

主要终点是从24h到研究第3天开始的液体平衡。次要终点包括蓄积液体平衡、死亡率和机械通气持续时间。

180例患者被随机分为两组。1例患者退出试验,89名患者分配到干预组,90例患者分配到常规治疗组。到研究第3天,干预组的平均24h液体平衡(?840 ± 1,746毫升)比常规治疗组(+130 ± 1,401毫升)更低(P<0.01)。在第3天和第5天,干预组的蓄积液体平衡更低。总体而言,二组之间的临床结果并无显着差异,尽管30天死亡率的点估计有利于常规治疗组[干预组21.6%,常规治疗组15.6%,P=0.32]。本研究受到组间基线不平衡以及统计学效力不足的限制。

最终作者认为,保守液体管理和主动的去复苏策略是可行,能够减少液体平衡(vs 常规治疗),并可能带来益处或危害。鉴于现代临床实践的广泛差异,有必要进行大型、效力充分的试验,以探讨危重病人保守液体策略的临床有效性。

原始出处:

Jonathan A. Silversides, Ross McMullan, Lydia M. Emerson, et al. Feasibility of conservative fluid administration and deresuscitation compared with usual care in critical illness: the Role of Active Deresuscitation After Resuscitation-2 (RADAR-2) randomised clinical trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022 Feb;48(2):190-200. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06596-8. Epub 2021 Dec 16.

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    2022-03-30 lizhou0204
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