Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol:接受激素治疗的成年变性人的死亡率趋势如何?

2021-11-09 Naomii MedSci原创

这项观察性研究显示,使用激素治疗的变性人死亡风险增加,与治疗类型无关。增加的死亡风险并没有随着时间的推移而降低。肺癌、心血管疾病、艾滋病毒相关疾病和自杀导致的特定原因死亡风险并不表明激素治疗具体效果。

     变性人在出生时被指定的性别与他们的性别认同不一致。2015年,据估计在荷兰有1:2800名男性和1:5200名女性因性别焦虑症接受治疗。在过去的几年里,人们观察到转诊到变性人健康护理的人数大幅增加,无论是心理治疗、内分泌治疗还是外科治疗。

     变性人可以用肯定性别的荷尔蒙治疗,以诱导所需的身体变化。女变性患者 (出生时被指定为男性,女性性别认同)通常用抗雄激素和雌激素治疗,以诱导女性化。为了诱导男性化,男变性患者(出生时被指定为女性,男性身份)通常会接受睾丸素治疗。经过一年的荷尔蒙治疗后,变性人可以选择性别确认手术作为他们过渡的一部分。在女变性患者,这可以包括切除加或不加阴道成形术、隆胸和面部女性化手术。对于男变性患者,这可能包括乳房切除,切除子宫(带卵巢或不带卵巢)以及子宫成形术。女变性患者完成切除手术后,抗雄激素治疗停止。

      然而,长期以来认可变性人激素治疗安全的数据少之又少。激素治疗对安全性的影响很少,导致没有足够的证据来确定长期安全性,特别是对于癌症和激素敏感型癌症,以及血管疾病。先前的研究表明,接受激素治疗的变性人患卒中心肌梗死、静脉血栓栓塞症的风险增加。在接受睾酮治疗的男变性患者中,心肌梗死的风险增加了。此外,长期、大剂量服用环丙孕酮(一种孕激素抗雄激素)的女变性患者患脑膜瘤的风险可能比普通人群妇女和普通人群男性高。荷尔蒙治疗是否会增加一般癌症和特别是激素敏感型癌症的风险尚未完全确定。已经观察到,与普通人群男性相比,女变性患者患乳腺癌的风险大大增加。

     接受激素治疗的变性人患某些疾病的风险可能会增加。虽然观察到随着时间的推移有下降的趋势,但变性人的自杀死亡风险比顺性人高。然而,变性人的激素治疗是否影响总体死亡风险、癌症相关死亡率或心血管相关死亡率仍不清楚。过去有几项研究涉及到这一主题;然而,由于随访时间短、大量丢失数据以及研究队列和对照人群中的异质性,信息有限。近日,有研究人员以荷兰按年龄、历期和性别分层的总死亡率作为参考,研究接受激素治疗的变性人50年来死亡风险的趋势。

     研究者对去荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学医学中心性别认同诊所就诊的成年变性人进行了回顾性队列研究。1972年至2018年期间接受激素治疗的变性人的数据与荷兰统计局有关。如果人们交替使用睾酮和雌二醇治疗,如果他们在17岁之前开始治疗,或在性别肯定激素治疗之前使用过青春期阻滞剂,那么他们就被排除在外。标准化死亡率(SMR)是使用按年龄、病程和性别分层的一般人口死亡率计算的,还计算了特定原因的死亡率。

  • 1972年至2018年间,有8831人去性别认同诊所就诊。4263人因各种原因被排除在研究之外,2927名变性人女性和1641名变性人男性被纳入研究范围,女变性患者和男变性患者的总随访时间分别为40232人年和17285人年。
  • 随访期间,317例(10.8%)变性人死亡,高于普通人群男性(SMR 1.8,95%CI 1·6~2·0)和普通人群女性(SMR 2.8,2.5~3.1)。
  • 女变性患者因心血管疾病、肺癌、艾滋病相关疾病和自杀而导致的特定原因死亡率较高。
  • 变性人死亡44人(2.7%),高于一般人群女性(SMR 1·8,95%CI 1·3~2·4),但不高于一般人群男性(SMR 1·2,95%CI 0·9~1·6)。
  • 在变性人中,非自然死因的特定死因死亡率较高。
  • 在研究的50年中,没有观察到死亡风险下降的趋势。

      这项观察性研究显示,使用激素治疗的变性人死亡风险增加,与治疗类型无关。这种增加的死亡风险并没有随着时间的推移而降低。肺癌、心血管疾病、艾滋病毒相关疾病和自杀导致的特定原因死亡风险并不表明激素治疗的具体效果,但表明监测、优化以及在必要时治疗医疗疾病和生活方式因素在变性人医疗保健中仍然很重要。

文献来源:https://www.thelancet.com/retrieve/pii/S2213858721001856

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    2022-07-11 howi
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    2021-11-10 huangdf

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