JAMA Cardiol:19万人横跨50年,胖了真的会“伤心”!

2018-03-05 鲸鱼 医学界心血管频道

2018年2月28日,JAMA Cardiology在线发表了一项来自美国西北大学的研究[5]。研究提示,与体重正常的人群相比,肥胖人群心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率均明显增加,即使是超重的人群也不能幸免于难。

一、惊了!胖点居然还不容易狗带?

过年过节干什么?心情不好怎么办?值班夜班怎么过?

当然是都是吃!吃!吃!吃了这么多,钱包和腰围自然是此消彼长,体重指数(body mass index, BMI)也跟着水涨船高……但是我不怕!

JAMA爸爸不是说了——

太胖太瘦死得早,微微一胖才正好!

2005年发表于JAMA的研究提示,与体重正常(18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<25 kg/m2)的人群相比,太瘦(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)或太胖(BMI≥30 kg/m2)均会增加额外的死亡,而微微一胖(25 kg/m2≤BMI<30 kg/m2)却能减少额外死亡的发生。

2013年JAMA再次发话,与体重正常的人群相比,实在太胖的人群(BMI≥35 kg/m2)其全因死亡风险会上升不少(HR 1.29,95%CI 1.18-1.41),但微微一胖却能享受到全因死亡风险降低的“福利”(HR 0.94,95%CI 0.91-0.96)。甚至连Lancet也随声附和,得了黑色素瘤胖点儿的人还有可能活得更长呢!

居然有这等好事?我要管不住我点夜宵的手了!

且慢,要知道——

夜宵一时爽,心梗火葬场!

二、伤心!心血管不能承受之体重!

血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)造成的死亡在全球可以称得上是独领风骚。根据发表在Lancet上的统计数据估计,仅2016年就有1760万人死于心血管疾病,而令人闻风丧胆的肿瘤造成的死亡仅仅是其的一半(897万)。

即使是微胖界的人士也躲不过心血管疾病的“暗算”——心血管可承受不起你的体重!



Fig 2.1 JAMA Cardiology在线发表该项研究

2018年2月28日,JAMA Cardiology在线发表了一项来自美国西北大学的研究。研究提示,与体重正常的人群相比,肥胖人群心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率均明显增加,即使是超重的人群也不能幸免于难。

这次的研究收集汇总了美国10项大型长期前瞻性队列研究的结果,总共纳入了超过19万名参与者,年龄范围涵盖了20-79岁的老、中、青三个年龄层,研究时间从1964年至2015年横跨近半个世纪,共积累了320万人·年的随访数据。

研究人员直接测量了参与者的身高和体重并计算其BMI,然后在随访期间记录参与者心血管疾病的发病率及死亡率,包括致死及非致死性冠心病、中风、充血性心力衰竭以及其他CVD死亡。



Fig 2.2 参与者的基线情况

在190672名参与者中,有140835名(73.9%)为女性,平均年龄为58.7±12.9岁,而男性参与者平均年龄为46.0±15.0岁。其中老年人糖尿病高血压、高脂血症等心血管疾病危险因素较多,年轻人吸烟的可能更大,在所有年龄层中,超重或肥胖人群均更易患糖尿病



Fig 2.3.1 BMI增加,CVD的终生累计发病风险也随之升高

研究发现,体胖不一定心宽,但更容易心梗、心衰,心累不爱。

在中年人(40-59岁)总计85万多人·年的随访记录中,共发生了13457件心血管事件,包括7136例心肌梗塞、3733例中风和4614例充血性心力衰竭。

虽然随着年龄的增长,发生各种心血管事件在所难免,但与体重正常(BMI 18.5-24.9)的成年人相比,超重(BMI 25.0-29.9)、肥胖(30.0-39.9)、病态肥胖(BMI≥40)的人群中发生各类心血管事件的终生累计发病风险越来越高,而在年轻人以及老年人之中也有类似的趋势。



Fig 2.3.2 年轻人(20-39岁)也有类似的趋势



Fig 2.3.3 老年人(60-79岁)也有类似的趋势



Fig 2.4 越胖,越有可能死于CVD

做胖子很辛苦,一不当心就玻璃心就碎得渣都不剩。

以中年人群为例,体重正常的人群中,男性(HR 1.33,95%CI 1.24-1.43)本就较女性(HR 1.17,95%CI 1.10-1.24)更有可能死于心血管疾病。而与体重正常的人群相比,超重(37%vs 28%)、肥胖(47%vs 39%)、病态肥胖(65%vs 48%)的人群更是雪上加霜,随着BMI的增加,不论男女均更有可能死于心血管疾病,而男性更甚。

不过,可别以为这样就结束了!

心血管疾病不仅想包办胖子的死因,连活着的时候都不放过……

三、变胖?即使活着也没别人舒坦!

人一变胖,真是喝水都塞牙。

前脚刚刚担心完心血管死亡风险,后脚又不得不在活着的时候面对可能提前发生的各种心血管事件,由于超重、肥胖人群心血管疾病的发病较早,他们遭受各类心血管疾病“煎熬”的时间也会更长。



Fig 3.1 BMI增加,各类CVD事件风险会有不同程度的升高

只要BMI超过了正常标准,总心血管事件的发生就会显著增加(HR 1.21~3.14)。

其中,充血性心衰与BMI的关系最为密切,病态肥胖的男性发生充血性心衰的风险是正常体重男性的五倍多(HR 5.26,95%CI 3.65-7.57),女性的情况也不容乐观(HR4.32,95%CI 3.39-5.19),心梗、中风以及CVD死亡的的风险也有不同程度的升高。而在年轻人与老年人中也发现了类似的结果。



Fig 3.2.1 超重、肥胖让CVD提前到来

在中年男性中,虽然超重人群(29.3年)和BMI正常人群(29.1年)的总生存时间差不多,但肥胖(27.2年)和病态肥胖人群(23.4年)的总生存时间则明显缩短。而在中年女性中,随着BMI的增加,正常(33.2年)、超重(31.8年)、肥胖(29.8年)、病态肥胖(27.2年)人群的总生存之间逐渐变短。

这是自然,肥胖除了增加心血管疾病的风险,还可能引起各类代谢综合征,甚至肿瘤,而各类代谢、心血管疾病又是“相亲相爱的一家人”。



Fig 3.2.2 年轻人(20-39岁)CVD也会提前

这些健康危害都实打实地体现在了寿命上,BMI正常的男女比起病态肥胖的男女将长寿5.6年和2.0年。然而,即使心血管疾病没有马上“发威”,将人置之于死地,带着这些疾病生存的滋味也不很好受。而BMI正常的男女与肥胖的同龄人相比,发生各种心血管疾病平均要推迟7.5年和7.1年,能够享受更多更美好的生活。



Fig 3.2.3 老年人(60-79岁)CVD也会提前

同时,这一发现也为“肥胖悖论”(obesity paradox)提供了一种可能的解释。超重的人群之所以在诊断出心血管疾病后活得更久,可能是由于他们发病更早,因此诊断也更早。超重或许不能延长人的寿命,甚至还会让他们在活着的时候遭受更多心血管疾病的折磨……

为了五十年后的自己,默默地关掉了外卖App,果然还是瘦点儿好啊!

原始出处:
Sadiya S. Khan, et al. Association of Body Mass Index With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Compression of Morbidity. JAMA Cardiology. Published online February 28, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0022

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    学习

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    2018-03-06 yfjms

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    2018-03-06 owlhealth

    不错哟.学习了

    0

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    2018-03-05 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

    0

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    2018-03-05 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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