国家卫健委:提高病原学送检率,规范抗菌药物临床应用管理

2021-04-30 检验医学网 检验医学网

为进一步加强医疗质量安全管理,构建优质高效的医疗质量管理与控制体系,国家卫生健康委于年初发布了《2021年国家医疗质量安全改进目标》(以下简称为《目标》)。

为进一步加强医疗质量安全管理,构建优质高效的医疗质量管理与控制体系,国家卫生健康委于年初发布了《2021年国家医疗质量安全改进目标》(以下简称为《目标》),提出十项国家医疗质量安全改进目标以及相应的具体阐释和实现目标的核心策略,其中,“提高住院患者抗菌药物治疗前病原学送检率”被明确列为目标之一,而降钙素原(PCT)检测也在其中被提及。

强化医疗机构主体责任,提高抗菌药物治疗前病原学送检率势在必行

抗菌药物治疗前病原学送检率是指以治疗为目的使用抗菌药物的住院患者,使用抗菌药物前病原学检验标本送检病例数占同期使用抗菌药物治疗病例总数的比例,能够反映医疗机构住院患者抗菌药物治疗及使用规范情况。

根据《2021 年国家医疗质量安全改进目标说明》(以下简称为《说明》):提高抗菌药物治疗前病原学送检率(尤其是限制使用级以上抗菌药物),提升无菌性样本送检比例,可以有效提高抗菌药物使用的科学性和规范性,对遏制细菌耐药、提升治疗效果和保障人民群众健康权益具有重要意义。同时《说明》还明确了病原学检验项目应包括:细菌培养、真菌培养;降钙素原检测、白介素-6 检测、真菌 1-3-β-D 葡聚糖检测(G 试验)等。

根据国家卫健委指示,医疗机构承担年度目标改进工作的主体责任,提倡成立由检验、药学、临床科室、院感等多部门组成的专项工作组,实现多学科有效协同,尤其是要注重建立目标改进工作的调度和激励约束机制,充分调动相关管理人员和医务人员积极性。

担任国家卫健委合理用药专家委员会抗菌药物专业组成员、上海市抗菌药物临床应用和管理专家委员会顾问,来自中山医院的何礼贤教授表示:“在抗菌药物临床应用管理上,医疗机构的主体责任应进一步强化,各级医院都应加强对相关医务人员进行抗菌药物使用规范的教育,进一步严格抗菌药物处方权的授予和管理,分解细化到每一位负责人;同时,药学部门及感控部门作为医院感染控制的重要‘防线’,应持续加强自身专业技术水平,与医院各职能部门保持密切合作,保证病原学送检率达到国家标准,最大程度为临床抗菌药物目标治疗提供依据。”

为规范抗菌药物使用,我国近年来已陆续出台一系列规范方案:2012年《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》正式出台,通过建立抗菌药物临床应用分级管理制度将抗菌药物分为非限制使用、限制使用与特殊使用三级管理;同时,病原学送检率已被明确纳入医院评审、考核指标体系。

《三级医院评审标准(2020年版)》明确指出,对医院抗菌药物治疗前病原学送检率的审核标准参照《医院感染管理医疗质量控制指标(2015年版)》的评价指标:要求住院患者抗菌药物使用前病原学送检率不低于30%,限制使用级不低于50%,特殊使用级不低于80%。

关注降钙素原PCT检测,规范抗菌药物临床应用有章可循

何礼贤教授表示:“学术界和临床实践一直强调抗感染治疗需要考虑和评估患者-微生物-药物之间的三角关系,长期来对微生物和药物的关注与研究多一些,评价指标明确可行,而对患者(宿主)的评估仍然主要依赖临床症状体征,实验室指标主要是白细胞、C-反应蛋白,某些感染可以参考血红细胞沉降率(血沉),敏感性和特异性都不高。近年来生物标志物的研究和发展为评价感染和抗感染治疗的宿主反应开辟了一个新领域,特别是PCT的发现、深入研究和广泛应用的实践均表明它对指导临床抗菌治疗与抗菌药物管理有很大帮助。

近年我国抗菌药物管理富有成效,使用率和使用强度较大幅度下降。但是必须了解,这一成绩是在原来基本没有管理情况下主要依靠指令式管理(主要是处方限制和品种限制)而取得的,而临床使用不当即使用错误(misuse)、使用不足(underuse)和疗程过长(过度暴露)等不恰当使用的关键性问题并未解决。

虽然降钙素原PCT不属于传统的病原学检验范畴,但如果能够借助PCT,结合临床和其他实验室参数,区分细菌感染与病毒感染,强化对于感染的分期综合评估,早期启动和适时收缩或停止抗菌治疗,从而改善患者的抗菌治疗,避免抗菌药物过度暴露和降低耐药选择性压力,促进抗菌药物管理更加科学化,显然是一条可行之路。”

近年来,随着我国抗菌药物管理力度的不断加强,PCT在感染性疾病诊疗及指导抗菌药物使用方面的临床价值日益凸显。去年下半年,中国医药教育协会感染疾病专业委员会组织相关专家共同发布了《降钙素原指导抗菌药物临床合理应用专家共识》(以下简称《共识》),以进一步指导PCT的临床应用并助力其在规范抗菌药物使用方面发挥更大价值。

《共识》推荐,临床怀疑不明原因感染及脓毒症时,建议及时行PCT检测,以帮助进一步明确细菌感染性疾病的诊断;对于疑似下呼吸道感染患者,当PCT≥0.25μg/L时,提示细菌感染的可能性高,建议启用经验性抗菌治疗;对于怀疑脓毒症的患者,应立即启动经验性抗菌治疗。PCT≥0.5μg/L时,有助于脓毒症诊断。

动态监测PCT水平变化可以辅助指导抗菌药物治疗,降低细菌耐药的发生。《共识》明确,对于已启动抗菌治疗的患者,建议合理监测PCT的动态变化,及时评估治疗疗效:对于非重症下呼吸道感染患者,当PCT下降至0.25μg/L或峰值浓度80%以下,且病情稳定的情况下,建议抗菌药物停药;对于正在接受抗菌药物治疗的ICU重症感染患者,当PCT下降至0.5μg/L或峰值浓度80%以下,建议抗菌药物停药。

精准高效的炎症标志物检测是支持临床进行及时决策、指导抗菌药物合理使用的重要参考。作为全球体外诊断领域的领导者,罗氏诊断Elecsys? BRAHMS PCT检测基于电化学发光技术,兼具全自动、全定量、准确度高、重复性好等性能优势,仅需18μl样本量即可在18分钟内实现0.02-100μg/L范围的检测,可有效指导抗菌药物的临床管理与应用。

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